What is the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism called?

The process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism is known as cloning. Cloning involves creating organisms that have the same genetic makeup as the original, which can occur naturally, as in the case of identical twins, or artificially through laboratory techniques. These methods may include somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or reproductive cloning techniques, where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed, leading to the development of an organism that shares the genetic information of the donor organism.

Other processes listed, such as gene modification, involve altering the genetic material of an organism, which does not necessarily result in a genetically identical copy. Genetic screening refers to testing individuals for specific genes or genetic disorders and does not involve creating clones. Mutagenesis is the process of inducing mutations in the DNA of an organism but does not relate to producing identical copies. Thus, cloning is the correct term for creating genetically identical organisms.