During which process do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material?

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is known as crossing over, which is a specific type of homologous recombination. During meiosis, particularly in prophase I, homologous chromosomes align closely together and can exchange segments of DNA. This exchange leads to genetic variation among gametes, which is fundamental for sexual reproduction.

Homologous recombination broadly refers to the process of exchanging genetic material between similar or identical molecules of DNA but may encompass various mechanisms beyond just the crossing over that occurs during meiosis. Therefore, while homologous recombination is correct in terms of encompassing the whole process, the more specific term for the exchange occurring during meiosis is crossing over. This specificity highlights how genes can be shuffled through this vital process, increasing genetic diversity in offspring.